Physical Inactivity Research Articles

The Urban Environment and Cardiometabolic Health.

Urban environments contribute substantially to the rising burden of cardiometabolic diseases worldwide. Cities are complex adaptive systems that continually exchange resources, shaping exposures relevant to human health such as air pollution, noise, and chemical exposures. In addition, urban infrastructure and provisioning systems influence multiple domains of health risk, including behaviors, psychological stress, pollution, and nutrition through various pathways (eg, physical inactivity, air pollution, noise, heat stress, food systems, the availability of green space, and contaminant exposures). Beyond cardiometabolic health, city design may also affect climate change through energy and material consumption that share many of the same drivers with cardiometabolic diseases. Integrated spatial planning focusing on developing sustainable compact cities could simultaneously create heart-healthy and environmentally healthy city designs. This article reviews current evidence on the associations between the urban exposome (totality of exposures a person experiences, including environmental, occupational, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors) and cardiometabolic diseases within a systems science framework, and examines urban planning principles (eg, connectivity, density, diversity of land use, destination accessibility, and distance to transit). We highlight critical knowledge gaps regarding built-environment feature thresholds for optimizing cardiometabolic health outcomes. Last, we discuss emerging models and metrics to align urban development with the dual goals of mitigating cardiometabolic diseases while reducing climate change through cross-sector collaboration, governance, and community engagement. This review demonstrates that cities represent crucial settings for implementing policies and interventions to simultaneously tackle the global epidemics of cardiovascular disease and climate change.

Physical Activity and Self-Determination towards Exercise among Esports Athletes.

Esports is competitive video gaming, performed within teams or individually, across multiple genres. Players are required to be sedentary for extended periods and require a high-level of cognitive skills for successful competitive performance. There are conflicting findings within the physical activity research in the esports industry. The aim of this research is to explore self-reported physical activity through accelerometer-assessed physical activity, to gain a better insight into the physical activity behaviours of international e'athletes. Participants (n = 796) across multiple popular esports games, holding any in-game rank, competing at any level, were recruited. The survey consisted of demographic details, esports experience, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-LF), and Behavioural Regulations towards Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3). Within a convenience sample, local intervarsity e'athletes (n = 18) were recruited to wear a wrist-worn accelerometer to measure physical activity for 7-days and then complete the survey. Results from the accelerometers were compared to the survey results to explore physical activity reporting within this population. When comparing IPAQ-LF to accelerometer data, players significantly over-report moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and weekly MET-min- 1 (p = .018, r = .63 and p ≤ .001, r = .92). The BREQ-3 showed that e'athletes categorised as high physical activity displayed significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation, when compared to players categorised as low and moderate physical activity. E'athletes significantly over report physical activity time when measured through the IPAQ-LF, suggesting previous surveys may overestimate physical activity and further research is needed. Given the exponential growth of the industry and the level of physical inactivity, esports may contribute to global physical inactivity levels.

A movement for movement: an exploratory study of primary healthcare professionals' perspectives on implementing the Royal College of General Practitioners' active practice charter initiative.

Regular physical activity (PA) results in extensive physical, psychological, and social benefits. Despite primary care being a key point of influence for PA behaviours in the UK, research indicates poor application of PA interventions in this context. To address this, the Royal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) developed and implemented the Active Practice Charter (APC). The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceived impact and acceptability of the APC initiative from the perspective of primary healthcare professionals (PHPs). An online exploratory cross-sectional survey was designed to assess the perceived impact, experiences, and challenges of the APC initiative, from the perspective of PHPs. The survey was distributed by the RCGP via email to 184 registered APC practices across the UK. Responses were reviewed from staff (n = 33) from 21 APC practices. Initiatives used by APC practices included: educational programmes, partnerships with PA providers, referral systems, and infrastructure investment. Perceived benefits included: increased awareness about PA, staff cohesion, and improved well-being. However, staff felt the APC had limited effect due to implementation barriers, including: a lack of engagement, time, resources, and funding. This is the first evaluation of any nationwide UK-based initiative engaging GP practices in promoting PA. Acknowledging the limitations in response rate, although support exists for the RCGP APC, the evaluation highlights challenges to its implementation. Nonetheless, the wide reach of the RCGP, combined with the cited staff and patient benefits, demonstrates the significant potential of the APC initiative. Given the need to address physical inactivity nationally, further development the APC offers a possible solution, with further research required to overcome the challenges to implementation.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Memory on the Quality of life of European Adults and Older Adults

AbstractAmong studies conceptualizing quality of life (QoL) as the subjective measure of one’s well-being, evidence suggests a link between cognitive impairment and diminished quality of life. However, the direction of the association is not clear, and most studies have employed a global measure of cognition, which can mask subtle domain-specific declines. In this study, we aim at examining the longitudinal associations between memory and QoL in a representative sample of adults and older adults in Europe and Israel, employing data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The sample was composed by 56,616 respondents aged 50 or older at the beginning of the study period. A Parallel-Process Latent Growth Model (PP LGM) of memory and QoL conditioned on the effects of age, gender, educational level, physical inactivity, depressive symptomatology and social activity participation, was tested. Results displayed a trajectory of decline for both memory and QoL, with higher initial levels of memory associated with higher initial levels of QoL, and steeper decline in memory associated with steeper decline in QoL. Moreover, a positive effect of initial memory onto QoL trend over time was found, indicating that better memory is associated to better QoL in the future, but the opposite did not occur. Results also provide evidence of gender differences. All in all, this work found evidence supporting the longitudinal effect of memory on QoL, which may have consequences for intervention implementation, given that actions for alleviating age-related memory impairment could also have a positive impact onto older adults’ QoL.

The Health4Life e-health intervention for modifying lifestyle risk behaviours of adolescents: secondary outcomes of a cluster randomised controlled trial.

To investigate the effectiveness of a school-based multiple health behaviour change e-health intervention for modifying risk factors for chronic disease (secondary outcomes). Cluster randomised controlled trial. Students (at baseline [2019]: year 7, 11-14 years old) at 71 Australian public, independent, and Catholic schools. Health4Life: an e-health school-based multiple health behaviour change intervention for reducing increases in the six major behavioural risk factors for chronic disease: physical inactivity, poor diet, excessive recreational screen time, poor sleep, and use of alcohol and tobacco. It comprises six online video modules during health education class and a smartphone app. Comparison of Health4Life and usual health education with respect to their impact on changes in twelve secondary outcomes related to the six behavioural risk factors, assessed in surveys at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 12 and 24 months after the intervention: binge drinking, discretionary food consumption risk, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, difficulty falling asleep, and light physical activity frequency (categorical); tobacco smoking frequency, alcohol drinking frequency, alcohol-related harm, daytime sleepiness, and time spent watching television and using electronic devices (continuous). A total of 6640 year 7 students completed the baseline survey (Health4Life: 3610; control: 3030); 6454 (97.2%) completed at least one follow-up survey, 5698 (85.8%) two or more follow-up surveys. Health4Life was not statistically more effective than usual school health education for influencing changes in any of the twelve outcomes over 24 months; for example: fruit intake inadequate: odds ratio [OR], 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-2.05); vegetable intake inadequate: OR, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.64-1.47); increased light physical activity: OR, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.72-1.38); tobacco use frequency: relative difference, 0.03 (95% CI, -0.58 to 0.64) days per 30 days; alcohol use frequency: relative difference, -0.34 (95% CI, -1.16 to 0.49) days per 30 days; device use time: relative difference, -0.07 (95% CI, -0.29 to 0.16) hours per day. Health4Life was not more effective than usual school year 7 health education for modifying adolescent risk factors for chronic disease. Future e-health multiple health behaviour change intervention research should examine the timing and length of the intervention, as well as increasing the number of engagement strategies (eg, goal setting) during the intervention. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000431123 (prospective).

Effect of pomegranate peel powder‐infused multigrain chapatti on diabetes prevention: A randomized clinical trial

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic and chronic disease linked to lifestyle factors like dietary patterns and physical inactivity. This randomized clinical study aimed to develop a novel dietary intervention using pomegranate peel powder‐based multigrain chapatti to prevent diabetes. The product was formulated by incorporating pomegranate peel powder into a mixture of wheat flour, pearl flour, millet flour, and chickpea flour. The study included the formulation of various treatments (Tc, T1, T2, and T3) following product development, and these treatments were subjected to comprehensive assessments. The nutritional composition and antioxidant potential of the pomegranate peel powder‐based multigrain chapatti were analyzed. Sensory attributes, including taste, texture, and overall acceptability, were evaluated. Additionally, biochemical analyses, including blood glucose levels and HbA1C, were conducted to assess the impact of the interventions on blood glucose metabolism. The results revealed that the nutritional profile and phytochemical potential of the product improved significantly in treatment T3, which contained 15% pomegranate juice. Overall acceptability was found to be high for T3, indicating that the inclusion of pomegranate peel powder was well received in terms of taste and sensory qualities. Importantly, the clinical trial demonstrated positive outcomes in the intervention group receiving the pomegranate peel powder‐based multigrain chapatti. Blood glucose analysis and HbA1C assessments indicated that the consumption of this innovative dietary product contributed to improved blood glucose metabolism, suggesting its potential as a preventive strategy for diabetes.

Lifestyle Factors Influencing Metabolic Syndrome after Adjusting for Socioeconomic Status and Female Reproductive Health Indicators: A National Representative Survey in Korean Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing markedly among postmenopausal women. Although studies suggest multiple risk factors for its development, few have investigated changes in socioeconomic status (SES), female reproductive health indicators (menarche age, experience of pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding, and postmenopausal status), and lifestyle factors. This study investigated lifestyle factors affecting MetS prevalence among pre- and post-menopausal women after adjusting for SES and female reproductive health indicators. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII (2016–2018) on 2856 pre- and postmenopausal women aged 40–59 years were analyzed. Differences in SES (e.g., age, education, and household income), female reproductive health indicators (e.g., age of menarche and menopause), and lifestyle (e.g., total calorie intake, fats, and proteins, percentage of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, smoking, physical activity, and obesity) between MetS and non-MetS groups were calculated by performing χ2 or t-tests. Consequently, current smoking, physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity were significantly associated with increased MetS after adjusting for SES and female reproductive health indicators using logistic regression analysis. Hence, health policies and programs focusing on modifiable MetS risk factors–encouraging healthy eating habits, smoking cessation, and regular exercise—must be formulated to prevent the development of MetS in pre- and postmenopausal women.

Lifestyle Behaviors of Childhood and Adolescence: Contributing Factors, Health Consequences, and Potential Interventions

In this narrative review, we summarized evidence from peer-reviewed articles, published before February 2024, that investigated lifestyle behaviors among children (≤12 years) and adolescents (13-18 years) representing different geographic descents. These behaviors included dietary patterns, screen time, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral hygiene, unsafe sex, and sleep duration and quality. We documented the significant impacts of parental, school, and sociodemographic factors on the adoption of numerous lifestyle behaviors in this age category. Several health consequences could be attributed to unhealthy lifestyle behaviors during childhood and adolescence. For example, poor dietary habits can lead to a higher risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Physical inactivity contributes to the development of musculoskeletal and psychological disorders. Excessive screen time is associated with visual acuity problems, poor sleep, and psychological and behavioral problems. Tobacco use poses a significant risk for severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Risky sexual behaviors are related to sexually transmitted infections and exposure to violence. Short sleep duration is associated with a lack of physical fitness and poor cognitive function. However, potential interventions, such as school-based health programs, community outreach initiatives, and national health policies and regulations, can improve lifestyle behaviors among children and adolescents.

Longevity, Chronic Conditions and Ageing Dynamics: A Mathematical Reliability Perspective. Review

Background: Understanding the relationship between ageing and chronic diseases becomes crucial as global demographics shift towards an increasingly aged population. Aim: The primary objective of this review is to explore various theories of ageing and their implications for chronic disease prevalence in ageing populations. Methods: The study design entailed a comprehensive literature search to collect pertinent papers and theories on ageing, chronic diseases, and dependability theory. Various databases were employed to ascertain crucial insights and discoveries in this domain. Results: The review emphasises the complex and diverse factors involved in the ageing process and its connection to chronic diseases. We highlight the harmful effects of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour on the health of older individuals. Moreover, we emphasise the importance of dependability theory in comprehending the development and progression of chronic health conditions among ageing populations. Conclusion: Increasing chronic illness prevalence in the ageing population is both a problem and a possibility for adequate care. Integrating reliability theory into comprehensive approaches may help us understand age-related chronic illnesses and create effective preventative measures. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Ageing; Chronic diseases; Health span; Mathematical reliability theory; Population ageing; Preventive strategies

On the issue of assessing the blood lipid spectrum in working men of different ages

Introduction. Harmful working conditions contribute to the development of dyslipidemia
 Goal – assessment of the blood lipid spectrum in men of different age groups under conditions of occupational stress.
 Materials and methods. We analyzed the lipid spectrum of the blood in men aged up to 40 years (groups No. 1, 2 with different work experience, n=22 and n=20) and over 40 years of age (group No. 3, n=20). Assessed working conditions. Nutritional status, diet, physical activity, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption were determined.
 Result. Working conditions are harmful in terms of tension of 3.2 degrees. Physical activity is insufficient, 47.3% have three meals a day, 52.7% have two meals a day. In groups under 40 years of age with different years of experience, 68.2% and 63.2% are overweight; in people over 40 years old, 55.0% are overweight, class I obesity. at 20.0%. The proportion of smokers is 4.5%, 10.0% and 20.0%. With increasing age and experience, triglycerides increased (from 1.12±0.95 to 1.53±0.94 (p=0.022), total cholesterol (from 5.04±1.22 to 6.31±1.2, p=0.001), low-density lipoproteins (from 3.8±0.98 to 4.83± 1.11, p=0.01) mmol/l; proportions of people with hypertriglyceridemia (from 9.1 to 43.8%), hypercholesterolemia (from 40.9% to 93.7%), high LDL-C (from 47.6 to 93.75%); 
 in subgroup No. 1, 19.0%, No. 2, 33.4% had HDL-C below normal. Lipid atherogenicity increased from 3.34±0.13 to 3.95±0.27 (p=0.031). 
 Limitations. Men under 40 and over 40 years of age with varying years of experience working in hazardous work conditions. 
 Conclusion. Hard work with poor nutrition and physical inactivity contributes to atherogenic changes in blood lipids. It is proposed to expand the list of studies to assess the atherogenicity of lipids in trained workers; in people with strenuous work, determine at an earlier age for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Factors Associated With Physical Inactivity of Recipients of a Kidney Transplant: Results From the ADHERE BRAZIL Multicenter Study.

Physical activity is recommended for recipients of a kidney transplant. However, ADHERE BRAZIL study found a high prevalence (69%) of physical inactivity in Brazilian recipients of a kidney transplant. To tackle this behavior, a broad analysis of barriers is needed. This study aimed to identify factors (patient and transplant center levels) associated with physical inactivity among recipients of a kidney transplant. This was a subproject of the ADHERE BRAZIL study, a cross-sectional, multicenter study of 1105 recipients of a kidney transplant from 20 kidney transplant centers. Using a multistage sampling method, patients were proportionally and randomly selected. Applying the Brief Physical Activity Assessment questionnaire, patients were classified as physically active (≥150min/wk) or physically inactive (<150min/wk). On the basis of an ecological model, 34 factors associated with physical inactivity were analyzed by sequential logistic regression. At the patient level, physical inactivity was associated with smoking (odds ratio = 2.43; 95% CI = 0.97-6.06), obesity (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.26-2.55), peripheral vascular disease (odds ratio = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.20-8.42), >3 posttransplant hospitalizations (odds ratio = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.17-2.13), family income of >1 reference salary ($248.28 per month; odds ratio = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.48-0.90), and student status (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.37-0.92). At the center level, the correlates were having exercise physiologists in the clinical team (odds ratio = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.46-0.64) and being monitored in a teaching hospital (undergraduate students) (odds ratio = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.01-2.13). This study identified factors associated with physical inactivity after kidney transplantation that may guide future multilevel behavioral change interventions for physical activity. In a multicenter sample of recipients of a kidney transplant with a prevalence of physical inactivity of 69%, we found associations between this behavior and patient- and center-level factors. At the patient level, the chance of physical inactivity was positively associated with smoking, obesity, and patient morbidity (peripheral vascular disease and hospitalization events after kidney transplantation). Conversely, a high family income and a student status negatively correlated with physical inactivity. At the center level, the presence of a dedicated professional to motivate physical activity resulted in a reduced chance of physical inactivity. A broad knowledge of barriers associated with physical inactivity can allow us to identify patients at a high risk of not adhering to the recommended levels of physical activity.

Acute effects of moderate-intensity constant training on circulatory fibroblast growth factor 21, resis-tin, and adiponectin of physically inactive young adults

Introduction: physical inactivity affects metabolic health, and it has been described that physical exercise is able to counter these disturbances. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, resistin, and adiponectin are known cytokines that are sensitive to physical inactivity and exercise, however, their acute behaviour after one session of exercise in physically inactive young adults is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a session of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the circulatory levels of FGF21, resistin, and adiponectin of physically inactive young adults. Material and methods: quasi-experimental study, where 20 physically inactive young adults, with body mass indexes between 18 and 30 kg/m2 were included. All performed one MICT session, with an intensity of 60% of their heart rate reserve on a treadmill for 30 minutes. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, lean and fat mass) prior to exercise, and venous blood samples were taken before and after exercise, where glycemia, insulin, lipid profiles, transaminases, FGF21, resistin, and adiponectin were assessed. Results: one MICT session decreased the circulatory levels of insulin (median 23.5 vs 10.9 µUI/ml; p&lt;0.05) and FGF21 (median 527 vs 409 pg/ml; p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, resistin and adiponectin levels did not change after exercise (both p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: one MICT session decreased FGF21 plasma levels, whereas it did not modify resistin and adiponectin circulatory levels. The specific mechanisms behind this different behavior are needed to be elucidated in future studies. Keywords: exercise, sedentary behavior, metabolic syndrome, endurance training, cytokines

Identification of subgroups of patients with oesophageal cancer based on exercise intensity during prehabilitation

Purpose To identify subgroups of patients with oesophageal cancer based on exercise intensity during prehabilitation, and to investigate whether training outcomes varied between subgroups. Materials and methods Data from a multicentre cohort study were used, involving participants following prehabilitation before oesophagectomy. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using four cluster variables (intensity of aerobic exercise, the Borg score during resistance exercise, intensity of physical activity, and degree of fatigue). Aerobic capacity and muscle strength were estimated before and after prehabilitation. Results In 64 participants, three clusters were identified based on exercise intensity. Cluster 1 (n = 23) was characterised by fatigue and physical inactivity, cluster 2 (n = 9) by a low training capacity, despite high physical activity levels, and cluster 3 (n = 32) by a high training capacity. Cluster 1 showed the greatest improvement in aerobic capacity (p = 0.37) and hand grip strength (p = 0.03) during prehabilitation compared with other clusters. Conclusions This cluster analysis identified three subgroups with distinct patterns in exercise intensity during prehabilitation. Participants who were physically fit were able to train at high intensity. Fatigued participants trained at lower intensity but showed the greatest improvement. A small group of participants, despite being physically active, had a low training capacity and could be considered frail.

Evaluate Cardiopulmonary markers, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers among healthy people with and without a history of type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes. In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance. During this state, insulin is ineffective and is initially countered by an increase in insulin production to maintain glucose homeostasis, but over time, insulin production decreases, resulting in T2DM. T2DM is most commonly seen in persons older than 45 years. Still, it is increasingly seen in children, adolescents, and younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity, and energy-dense diets. This is a Prospective, Cross sectional, Randomization, Observational study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Index Medical College. Inclusion Criteria: Controls without family history of type 2 diabetes: Healthy subjects in the age group of 18 - 30 years of either Gender. Cases with family history of type 2 diabetes either gender age group of 18 - 30 years of Age. Individuals who are using any medicines for any health condition to restrict in performing submaximal exercise. Total cholesterol (TC) in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 209.34 + 14.85 mg/dl then control group 163.26 + 23.81 mg/dl (p=0.001), also Total cholesterol (TC) in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 211.29 + 16.61 mg/dl then control group 177.42 + 27.98 mg/dl (p=0.001). HDL in 18-21 years in Case Group showed a decrease in Mean 39.35 +5.56 mg/dl then control group 40.87 + 6.20 mg/dl (p=0.167), too HDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed a decrease in Mean 40.87 +6.22 mg/dl then control group 43.97 + 6.93 mg/dl (p=0.173). Triglycerides (TGL) in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 144.07 + 9.96 mg/dl then control group 123.44 + 18.87 mg/dl (p&lt;0.0001), in addition Triglycerides (TGL) in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 147.48 + 16.70 mg/dl then control group 130.08 + 20.03 mg/dl (p=0.0147). LDL in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 141.60 + 16.24 mg/dl then control group 97.71 + 16.87 mg/dl (p=0.650), similar LDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 140.92 + 18.80 mg/dl then control group 107.43 + 19.54 mg/dl (p=0.841). VLDL in 1-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 28.74 + 2.02 mg/dl then control group 24.68 + 3.77 mg/dl (p&lt;0.0001), moreover VLDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 29.49 + 3.34 mg/dl then control group 26.02 + 4.01 mg/dl.

Correlation among job-induced stress, overall well-being, and cardiovascular risk in Italian workers of logistics and distribution

IntroductionWork-related stress is an occupational risk that has been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While previous studies have explored this association in various work contexts, none have focused specifically on logistics and distribution personnel. These workers may be exposed to significant job stress, which potentially increases the risk of CVD.MethodsIn this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between work-related stress and cardiovascular risk in a sample of 413 healthy workers of a logistics and distribution company. To assess work-related stress and cardiovascular risk, we used the organisational well-being questionnaire proposed by the Italian National Anti-Corruption Authority, the Framingham Heart Study General Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Prediction Score and the WHO General Wellbeing Index (WHO-5).ResultsOur results revealed that individuals with low job support had a significantly higher CVD risk score and lower well-being index than those reporting high job support. Furthermore, workers with high-stress tasks showed higher well-being index scores than those with passive tasks. Approximately 58% of the subjects were classified as low CVD risk (CVD risk &amp;lt;10%), approximately 31% were classified as moderate risk (CVD risk between 10 and 20%) and 11% were considered high risk (CVD risk &amp;gt;20%). The overall median CVD risk for the population was moderate (6.9%), with individual scores ranging from 1 to 58%.DiscussionFurther analyses confirmed the protective effect of work support, also identifying physical inactivity, regular alcohol consumption and low educational level as factors contributing to an increased risk of CVD. Interestingly, factors such as job control and work support demonstrated a positive impact on psychological well-being. These results emphasise the importance of intervention strategies aimed at promoting health in the workplace. By addressing these combined factors, organisations can effectively reduce the risk of CVD and improve the general well-being of their workforce.

A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining.

Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system dysregulation due to its role in energy metabolism and regulation of inflammation. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a powerful non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of various disorders, as it helps to improve metabolic, immune, and inflammatory functions. However, chronic excessive training has been associated with increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, so much so that excessive training overload, combined with inadequate recovery, can lead to the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS negatively impacts an athlete's performance capabilities and significantly affects both physical health and mental well-being. However, diagnosing OTS remains challenging as the contributing factors, signs/symptoms, and underlying maladaptive mechanisms are individualized, sport-specific, and unclear. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers that could assist in preventing and/or diagnosing OTS is an important objective. In this review, we focus on the possibility that the endocrine functions of AT may have significant implications in the etiopathogenesis of OTS. During physical exercise, AT responds dynamically, undergoing remodeling of endocrine functions that influence the production of adipokines involved in regulating major energy and inflammatory processes. In this scenario, we will discuss exercise about its effects on AT activity and metabolism and its relevance to the prevention and/or development of OTS. Furthermore, we will highlight adipokines as potential markers for diagnosing OTS.

Trend and projection of non-communicable diseases risk factors in Iran from 2001 to 2030

This study aims to investigate the trends and project the major risk factors of Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Iran. We obtained the trend of prevalence of main risk factors related to NCDs in 30 to 70-year-old-individuals. The data were extracted from WHO STEP wise approach to NCDs risk factor surveillance (STEPS) survey. Also,the previous studies conducted at national and subnational levels from 2001 to 2016 were employed. The prevalence of risk factors was projected by 2030 using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Spatio-temporal model stratified by sex and province. The percent change for the age-standardized prevalence of smoking in men between 2001 and 2016 was calculated to be − 27.0. Also, the corresponding values for the risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity (PI), and mean of salt intake were − 26.1, 29.0, 70.0, 96.8, 116.6, and 7.5, respectively. It is predicted that smoking and these risk factors will undergo a change to show values of − 1.26, 38.7, 43.7, 2.36, and 15.3 by 2030, respectively. The corresponding values in women for the time interval of 2001–2016 were − 27.3, 26.3, 82.8, 1.88, 75.2, and 4.2, respectively. Plus, projections indicate that the 2030 variation values are expected to be − 25.0, 16.7, 37.5, 28.7, 26.7, and 10.9 respectively. This study showed that the prevalence of four risk factors of PI, overweight and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes is increasing in Iran. Therefor, it is necessary to carry out effective interventions to adopt a healthy lifestyle and reduce the risk factors.

Stair Climbing Improves Cognitive Switching Performance and Mood in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

AbstractAlthough stair-climbing intervals provide a simple mode of physical activity that can be easily carried out in naturalistic settings and incorporated into the daily lives of a significant proportion of the global population, addressing physical inactivity issues, very little research has focused on the psychological benefits of stair climbing. To address this, the current prospectively registered randomized controlled crossover trial tested whether brief bouts of stair climbing (6 × 1 min intervals) elicit immediate subsequent improvements in cognitive performance and mood in a sample of healthy young adults (final sample: n = 52, 50% female, age range 18–24 years), with consideration of sex, physical activity habits, and exercise intensity as potentially relevant variables. Compared to a no-exercise control session, following the stair climbing participants exhibited superior cognitive switching performance and reported feeling more energetic and happy. In addition, linear regression analyses linked higher stair-climbing intensity (indicated by heart-rate data) to faster response latencies. None of the effects depended on sex or physical activity habits, which implies that males and females can benefit irrespective of their current physical activity habits. Collectively, these results demonstrate that interval stair climbing can confer immediate psychological benefits, providing further evidence in support of stair climbing as a promising means to address physical inactivity issues. TRN: ACTRN12619000484145, Date of registration: 25/03/2019.

Lifestyle Determinants of Hypertension among Government School Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: High blood pressure in adolescents is a growing concern around the world, and is caused by various lifestyle factors like an unhealthy diet, high in sodium and fats, lack of sleep, and physical inactivity. Unchecked hypertension during adolescence can lead to stroke, cardiovascular and kidney disease later in life. This study investigated any possible correlation between lifestyle variables and adolescent hypertension.Materials and Method: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted with 600 school-going adolescents after obtaining permission from Ethical Committee, school administration, and parents. Data was collected for the student’s sociodemographic profile, personal/family history, lifestyle habits, BMI, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Qualitative data were presented as percentages or proportions; quantitative data was denoted by mean and standard deviation. ‘p-value’ less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Most of the adolescents (68%) were found to be underweight. Sleep duration had a negative correlation with blood pressure, which showed a statistically significant difference. Other lifestyle variables didn’t show any significant relationship with hypertension.Conclusion: 2/3rd of government school students studied were underweight, with a ratio of 1.2 normotensives for every hypertensive individual. Sleep duration exhibited a negative correlation with blood pressure, showing the importance of sleep.

Abstract LB149: Metabolic syndrome and obesity-related cancer risk and survival: An umbrella review

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggests that metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be a potential risk factor for obesity-related cancer (ORC) owing to shared risk factors like physical inactivity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, gut microbiome dysfunction, and inflammation. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence on the association between MetS and ORC incidence and survival. Methods: The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230899). Searches in five databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) retrieved 2,524 systematic reviews with meta-analyses (SRMA) after duplicates were removed. SRMA were eligible if they evaluated MetS with ORC incidence or survival, were conducted in an adult population (≥18 years), and included the pre-defined study-specific data. Using Covidence, two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts (2,524) and then reviewed full text (41), selecting 23 SRMAs for inclusion. Data extraction was then completed independently by two reviewers. The outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model with the package “meta” in R. Sub-group analyses were conducted for a priori chosen factors, as outlined in the protocol. SRMA were appraised using the AMSTAR 2 criteria. Results: 23 SRMA published between 2001 and 2023 met our inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 112 studies, ~52,543,335 total individuals, and ~355,808 ORC cases. After pooled analyses, MetS was associated with a statistically significant 10% increased risk of ORC [RR(95% CI): 1.10(1.06-1.14)]. MetS was also statistically significantly associated with poorer ORC-specific survival [RR(95% CI): 1.10(1.02-1.18)], though there was no association between MetS and overall survival [RR(95% CI): 1.04(0.97-1.11)]. When stratified by sex, both male and female individuals with MetS had a statistically significant higher risk of ORC [RR(95% CI): 1.12(1.06-1.17), 1.10(1.01-1.19), respectively]. When stratified by cancer site, individuals with MetS demonstrated a higher risk of colorectal cancer [RR(95% CI): 1.12(1.06-1.18)]. We also observed suggestive associations between MetS and liver, pancreatic, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk, but these were not statistically significant [RR(95% CI): 1.20(1.00-1.45), 1.20(0.96-1.50), 1.12(0.99-1.27), respectively]. All associations were supported by “critically low” quality evidence according to the AMSTAR2 criteria. This was primarily because these SRMAs either did not follow a pre-specified written and published protocol, or did not provide a list of all potentially relevant studies that were read in full-text form but excluded from the review. Conclusions: These results emphasize the important role that MetS may play in the development of ORC as well as in the survival of patients with ORC. Conducting high-quality reviews is needed to increase the certainty of evidence, reduce potential bias, and improve knowledge in this field. Citation Format: Maci Winn, Prasoona Karra, Ryzen Benson, Svenja Pauleck, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Win Khaing, Tallie Casucci, Mary M. McFarland, Siwen Hu-Lieskovan, Michelle Litchman, Yizhe Xu, Mary Playdon, Sheetal Hardikar. Metabolic syndrome and obesity-related cancer risk and survival: An umbrella review [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB149.